Brief biography
Olushola Emmanuel Adeleye is a Senior Lecturer in the Physiology Unit, of the
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry.
He obtained his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from the Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria (2003), Master’s degree (2008) from the University of Lagos and
Doctor of Philosophy degree from University of Ibadan (2020).
He joined the department in 2005 as an Assistant lecturer was redesignated to
Lecturer II in 2007, and rose within the ranks to Senior Lecturer in 2020.
He is a member of several learned societies, which include Nigerian Veterinary
Medical Association, The Physiological Society, British Andrology Society,
International Brain Research Organization and Society for Neuroscience.
Dr. Adeleye has served in various administrative capacities within the Department
and College and was once the acting head of department and the chairman,
induction committee of the college. He has been twice a beneficiary of the Tertiary
Education Trust fund Academic staff training and development international
scholarship for his PhD benchwork and a postdoctoral research grant. He has
attended and presented papers at both local and international conferences.
DVM,
PhD
(i) Completed
a. Effect of Psidium guajava L. on some reproductive hormones in streptozotocin-
induced diabetic male Wistar rats.
b. Effect of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava L. leaf on epidermal wound healing
in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats (CVSN, Fellowship).
c. Aqueous extract of Allium cepa L. scaly leaf ameliorates reproductive dysfunctions
in sodium chloride-induced hypertensive male Wistar rats.
d. Reproductive effects of Psidium guajava L. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic male Wistar rats.
e. Ameliorative effects of aqueous/ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata L. on
reproductive dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.
f. Antidiabetic potential of Annona muricata (soursop) leaves methanolic extract in
male streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats.
g. Salt induced hypertension and its accompanying clinical signs in Wistar rats.
h. Androgenic effects of Allium cepa peel extract in breeder Oba Marshal cocks.
i. Blood pressure changes in Trypanosoma brucei infected Wistar albino rats.
j. Haematological and reproductive hormonal profile of Muturu cattle reared in
Southwestern Nigeria.
k. High core body temperature and its effect on osmotic fragility of red blood cells in
rats.
l. An evaluation of the anaesthetic and toxicological potentials of Rauwolfia
vomitoria. (IFSRERAR grant Reference number: UNAAB/IFSERAR/IRG)
m. Evaluating the cardiotonic potentials of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa
in Wistar rats. (IFSRERAR grant Reference number: UNAAB/IFSERAR/IRG14)
n. Reproductive effects of aqueous extracts of Cinnamomum verum in male rats
o. Effect of salt-induced hypertension on the reproductive functions of male Wistar
albino rat.
p. Cardiovascular response of rats to Babesia sp. infection.
q. Effect of angiotensin receptor antagonist on cardiovascular responses to oral salt
loading in rabbits.
r. Oral microbial flora of dogs in Zaria, Kaduna State.
(ii) In progress
a. Optogenetic stimulation of MePD kisspeptin neurones blocks the LH surge in
female mice.
b. Female sexual behavior, MePD GABA projections and the luteinizing hormone surge
in mice.
c. High salt diet and its effect on luteinizing hormone pulsatility in intact male
mice.
d. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and its effect on luteinizing hormone pulsatility
in intact male Wistar rats.
(a) Physiological Society Travel Award to attend the Physiology 2023, 2023
Harrogate, England, United Kingdom.
(b) Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) Academic Staff Training 2021
and Development (AST&D) Intervention scholarship (Post-Doctoral
Research, Division of Women’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences &
Medicine, King’s College London).
(c) Physiological Society Travel Award to attend the Physiology 2019, 2019
Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
(d) Physiological Society Travel Award to attend the Physiology 2015, 2015
Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
(e) Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) Academic Staff Training 2014
and Development (AST&D) Intervention scholarship (Part Ph.D. bench
work, Division of Women’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine,
King’s College London).
(f) Physiological Society Award to attend the Training workshop on 2012
“Introduction to Molecular Biology Techniques and Transfection
and Functional Studies”. Birkbeck College, University of London,
United Kingdom.
(g) Physiological Society Travel Award to attend the Teaching Theme 2011
Workshop: Feedforward and Feedback in Physiology Training,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
(h) IBRO-SfN-National Academy of Science USA, Award to attend the 2011
4th Teaching Tools School & Workshop in Neuroscience: Tools for
Teaching Neuroscience, Cape Coast, Ghana.
Membership of professional bodies
i. Member and ECR Sub-Committee Member – British Society for Neuroendocrinology,
United Kingdom
ii. Member and Society Representative for FUNAAB – The Physiological Society, United
Kingdom
iii. Member – Association of Reproductive and Clinical Scientists, United Kingdom
iv. Member and Deputy Editor-in-Chief – Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association,
Nigeria
(1) Adeleye, O. E., Ajala, T., Adekoya, O. A. and Adeleye, A. I., (2022): Effective dose
regimen of STZ for STZ-induced diabetes in a rat model, Poster presentation at 58th
Annual Congress Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA). October 24 – 28,
2022, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
(2) Adeleye, O. E., Aboajah, N. A., Adeleye, A. I., Sogebi, E. A. O., Adetomiwa, A. S.
and Olukunle, J. O. (2019): Ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata Linn.
ameliorates reproductive dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar
rats. Poster presentation at Physiology 2019, The Physiological Society. July 8 – 10,
2019 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
(3) Adeleye O. E. and Raji Y. (2018): Aqueous extract of Allium cepa L. Peel
ameliorates reproductive dysfunctions in salt-induced hypertensive male Wistar rats.
Poster presentation at Experimental Models in Physiology 2018, Physiological
Society. June 3 – 6, 2018 at University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
(4) Division of Neuroscience, Kings College London, Symposium 2018.
(5) Adeleye O. E., Oguntayo O. M., Adeleye A. I., Adetomiwa S. A., Ariyo O. E. (2016):
Androgenic effect of aqueous extract of Allium cepa peels on the sperm parameters
of Oba Marshall broiler cocks. Poster presentation at 6 th African Veterinary
Association/53rd Annual Conference of Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association
(NVMA). October 31 – November 4, 2016, Enugu State, Nigeria.
(6) Adeleye O. E., Akinlabi O. B., Adetomiwa A. S. and Adeleye A. I. (2015): Enhanced
spermiogram in Cinnamon verum treated male alloxan – induced diabetic Wistar
albino rats. Poster presentation at Physiology 2015, The Physiological Society. July
6-8, 2015, Motorpoint Arena, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
(7) Olukunle, J. O., Adenubi, O. T, Biobaku, K. T, Oyewusi, J. A., Adeleye O. E. &
Arowolo, R. O. A. (2014). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of methanol
extract and fractions of Acalypha wilkesiana leave. Poster presented at the 62 nd
International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and
Natural Product Research, Guimaraes, Portugal, August 31 – September 1, 2014.
(8) Adesanya, A. O., Arowolo, O. O. Saba, A. B., Olukunle, J. O., Adeleye O. E. &
Arowolo, R. O. A (2014). A survey of commonly used herbal drugs in veterinary
practice in Southwest Nigeria. Poster presented at the 62 nd International Congress
and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product
Research, Guimaraes, Portugal, August 31 – September 1, 2014.
(9) Adeleye O. E., Rahman S. A., Adeleye A. I., and Quadri J. T. (2013): Hematological
and male reproductive hormonal profile of two cattle breeds reared in FUNAAB,
Abeokuta. Oral presentation at 50th Annual Conference of Nigerian Veterinary
Medical Association (NVMA). November 11 – 16, 2013, ECOWAS Center, Abuja,
Nigeria.
(10) 2 nd Annual Conference and One-Health Exposition, Centre for Control and
Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan. Ibadan, Nigeria (June 30 – July 3,
2013).
(11) Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association 49th Annual Congress (Ekiti, 2012). 5 – 9
November 2012.
(12) Adeleye O. E., Famuyiwa S.O., Olukunle J. O. Adetomiwa A. S., and Adeleye A. I.
(2012): Enhanced spermiogram in salt induced hypertensive Wistar albino rats.
Poster presentation at 34th Annual Meeting of the British Andrology Society.
September 14 – 15, 2012 at Bradford, United Kingdom.
(13) Sogebi, E. A. O., Adeleye, O. E., Ogunbunmi, T. K. and Adeleye, A. I. (2011):
Analgesic and clinicophysiological effects of epidural bupivacaine in healthy dogs.
Oral presentation at 48th Annual Congress of Nigerian Veterinary Medical
Association (NVMA). November 21 – 25, 2011, Kwara Hotel, Ilorin, Kwara State,
Nigeria.
(14) 5th Pan Commonwealth Veterinary Conference, Accra, Ghana. 21 -25 March
2011.
(15) Adeleye, O. E., Adeleye, A. I., Abakpa, S. A. V. and Takeet, M. I. (2009):
Congenital Brachygnathia in a bullmastiff puppy: A Case Report. Oral presentations
at 46th Annual Congress Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA). October
19-23, 2009, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
(16) Adeleye, O. E., Adeleye, A. I. and Ajayi, O. L. (2009): Infectious Bursal Disease in
a flock of Black Nera pullets in Abeokuta: A Case Report. (2009): Oral presentations
at 46th Annual Congress Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA). October
19 – 23, 2009 at Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
(17) Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association 45th Annual Congress (Owerri, 2008).
(18) Adeleye, O. E., Olukunle, J. O. and Makinde, A. F. (2007): Canine babesiosis: A
modified management regimen. Oral presentations at 44th Annual Congress
Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA). October 21 – 26, 2009, Warri,
Delta State, Nigeria.
(19) Olukunle, J. O. and Adeleye, O. E. (2007): Effect of Synedrella nodiflora gaertn
on the leucocytes of rats. Oral presentations at 44th Annual Congress Nigerian
Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA). October 21 – 26, 2009 at Warri, Delta State,
Nigeria.
(i) Thesis and Dissertation with dates
a. Adeleye, O. E. (2020). Aqueous extract of Allium cepa L. scaly leaf ameliorates
reproductive dysfunctions in sodium chloride-induced hypertensive male Wistar rats.
Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan: 214 pages
b. Adeleye, O. E. (2008). Effect of angiotensin receptor antagonist on cardiovascular
responses to oral salt loading in rabbits. M.Sc. Dissertation, Department of
Physiology, University of Lagos: 75 pages
c. Adeleye O. E. (2003). The sensitivity profile of bacteria isolates from oral cavity of
dogs in Zaria, Kaduna State. D.V.M. Final Project, Department of Veterinary Surgery
and Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria: 58 pages
(ii) Journal Articles in Print:
(1) Olaniyi, M. O., Thomas, F. C., Mshelbwala, F. M., Adebiyi, A. A., Oladipo, T. M.,
Adeleye, O. E., Ajayi, O. L., and Talabi, O. A., (2022): Comparative Biochemical
Changes Induced by experimental infection of Trypanosoma congolense and
Trypanosoma brucei in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Nigerian Veterinary
Journal. 43(3); 1-15, Published by the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association,
Nigeria.
(2) Adeleye, O. E., Enikuomehin, J. M., Ajibola, E. S., Adekoya, O. A., Adeleye, A. I.,
Oguntoye, C. O. (2022): Effects of Psidium guajava ethanolic leaf extract on
epidermal wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.
Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science. 75(1); 25-33, Published by Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Available online at
https://www.alexjvs.com/?mno=67214
(3) Ajibola E. S., Ojo O. E., Adeleye O. E., Thomas F. C., Olaleye O. D., Rahman S. A.
(2020): Pharmacokinetic evaluation of aqueous solution of enrofloxacin after single
intramuscular injection in layers. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug
Research. 34(1) ; 1-6, Published by College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Available online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajpdr/issue/view/20245
(4) Adeleye, O. E., Okoh, E. O., Adeleye, A. I., Mshelbwala, F. M., Adetomiwa, A. S.,
Apantaku, J. T., Aboajah, N. A., Durotoye, L. A., Olukunle, J. O. (2020): Ameliorative
effects of Allium cepa Linn. scaly leaves extract on reproductive dysfunctions in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences.
4 (3); 136-144, Published by The Chamber of Veterinary Surgeons, Istanbul. Available
online at https://doi.org/10.30704/httpwww-jivs-net.811491
(5) Adeleye, O. E., Oguntayo, O. M., Adeleye, A. I., Adetomiwa, A. S. & Ariyo, O. E.
(2020): Effect of Allium cepa L. peels extract on gonadotropins, testosterone, and
sperm variables in Oba Marshal broiler cocks. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences.
18 (3); 137-143, Published by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Dan Fodio
University, Sokoto. Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i3.3
(6) Adeleye, O. E., Aladeyelu, O. T., Adebiyi, A. A., Adeleye, I. A., Adetomiwa, A. S.,
Apantaku, J. T. & Olukunle, J. O. (2020): Ameliorative effects of Psidium guajava
ethanolic leaf extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic reproductive dysfunctions
in male Wistar rats. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science. 66 (1): 1-9, Published
by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Available online
at DOI:10.5455/ajvs.101286
(7) Abakpa, S. A. V., Talabi, A. O., Oyekunle, M. A., Ajibola, E. S., Adeniyi, A. A.,
Mshelbwala, F. M., Akintunde, O. G., Daramola O. O., Adeleye O. E. & Okandeji, M.
E. (2020): Elevation of serum cardiac troponin I concentration in dogs experimentally
infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science.
64 (1): 123-128, Published by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University.
Available online at DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.19984101286
(8) Adeleye, O. E., Aboajah, N. A., Adeleye, A. I., Sogebi, E. A. O., Mshelbwala, F. M.,
Adetomiwa, A. S. & Olukunle, J. O. (2019): Annona muricata Linn. ethanolic leaf
extract ameliorates reproductive complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
Wistar rats. Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology. 18 (1&2); 166-
175, Published by Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Available online at
https://journal.unaab.edu.ng/index.php/JNSET/article/view/2040/1650
(9) Oladipo, T. A., Adeleye O. E., Olorode, J., Adebiyi, A. A., Omobowale, T. O., Adeoye,
Y. D., Adenubi, O. T., Oladipo, O. O., Olukunle, J. O. (2019): Diabetogenic potential of
dexamethasone and effect of Annona muricata methanolic bark extract as post-
exposure therapy in albino rats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 46 (2); 72-79,
Published by Nigerian Society for Animal Production, Nigeria. Available online at
https://njap.org.ng/index.php/njap/article/view/13
(10) Olukunle, J. O., Jacobs, E. B., Adeleye, O. E., Oyewusi, J. A., Adenubi, O. T. and
Durotoye, L. A. (2019): Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana on semen
morphology and characteristics in male Wistar albino rats. Nigerian Journal of Animal
Production. 46(2); 47-54, Published by Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Available
online at https://www.njap.org.ng/index.php/njap/article/view/8/10
(11) Ajibola, E. S., Thomas, F. C., Durotoye, L. A., Adeleye, O. E., Adejola, A. & Rahman,
S. A (2018): Non-invasive determination of reference arterial blood pressure indices of
healthy Alsatian and Boerboel dogs. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 39 (2); 181-188,
Published by Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association. Available online at
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/nvj/article/view/178967/168331
(12) Oladipo, T. A., Adebiyi, A. A., Adetomiwa, A. S. Oladipo, O. O., Adeleye, O. E. &
Olukunle, J. O. (2018): Evaluation of spermatogenic activity of Annona muricata
methanolic bark extract in albino rats. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 49 (2);
83-90, Published by Egyptian Society of Veterinary Science. Available online at
https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_9903_d783b02861dc806ee2a0edec9e5728aa.pdf
(13) Olukunle, J. O., Oyedoyin, C. T., Jacobs, E. B., Adeleye, O. E., Omobowale, T. O. &
Arowolo, R. O. A. (2018): Comparative assessment of the effect of diminazen aceturate
and imidocarb dipropionate on haematology and serum biochemical parameters of
apparently healthy Nigerian dogs. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 49 (2); 75-
81, Published by Egyptian Society of Veterinary Science. Available online at
https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_9499_5ea2b8e58fc89c7b9bcb92646f08d983.pdf
(14) Adeleye, O. E., Ale, J. M., Olukunle, J. O., Adeleye, A. I. & Adeyemi, S. O. (2018):
Effects of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and diminazen aceturate administration
on blood pressure and heart rate of Wistar albino rats. Journal of Basic and Clinical
Physiology and Pharmacology. 29 (3); 265-269, Published by De Gruyter Publishers,
Germany. Available online at https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0201 (Indexed in
Scopus)
(15) Adeleye, O. E., Quadri, J. T., Olukunle, J. O., Adeleye, A. I., Adeyemi, S. O. &
Rahman, S. A. (2018): Hematological and male hormonal profile of two cattle breeds
reared at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. Bulletin of Animal Health
and Production in Africa. 66 (1); 45-50, Published by African Union Interafrican Bureau
for Animal Resources. Available online at http://www.au-
ibar.org/component/jdownloads/finish/14/3426
(16) Olukunle, J. O., Jacobs, E. B., Oyewusi, J. A., Durotoye, L. A. & Adeleye, O. E. (2015):
Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican Sunflower) on semen
characteristic and morphology in male Wistar albino rats. Nigerian Journal of Animal
Production. 42 (2); 263-270, Published by Nigerian Society for Animal Production.
Available online at https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njap/article/view/134241
(17) Abakpa, S. A. V., Akintunde, O. G., Talabi, A. O. & Adeleye, O. E. (2012): A case
report of congenital splayed legs in a piglet. Tropical Veterinarian. 30 (2); 89-92,
Published by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan. Available online at
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/tv/article/view/92025
(18) Thomas, F. C., Adebayo, O. A., Adeleye, O. E. & Okediran, B. S. (2011): Plasma
lipid profile and some biochemical indices in domesticated greater cane rat
(Thryonomys swinderianus temminck). Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and
Technology. 10 (1); 81-89. Published by Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.
Available online at http://journal.unaab.edu.ng/index.php/JNSET/article/view/1341
(19) Adeleye, O. E. & Sofola, O. A. (2010): Salt intake and mean arterial blood
pressure in rabbits. Science World Journal. 5 (3); 29-32, Published by Faculty of
Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna. Available online at
http://www.scienceworldjournal.org/issue/view/8424
(20) Biobaku, K. T. & Adeleye, O. E. (2010): Two hens mutually brooding: a rare
behaviour in Gallus domesticus. Science World Journal. 5 (3); 21-22, Published by
Faculty of Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna. Available online at
http://www.scienceworldjournal.org/issue/view/7322
(21) Adenubi, O. T., Olukunle, J. O., Abatan, M. O., Ajayi, O. L., Adeleye, O. E. &
Kehinde, O. O. (2010): Antispermatogenic activity of Morinda morindoides root bark
extract in male Wistar rats. Journal of Natural Science, Engineering and Technology.
9 (1); 99-105, Published by Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Nigeria.
Available online at http://journal.unaab.edu.ng/index.php/Series_B/issue/view/39
(22) Ajibola, E. S., Adeleye, O. E., Okediran, B. S., & Rahman, S. A. (2010): Effect of
intragastric administration of crude aqueous leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale
on gastric acid secretion in rats. Nigerian Journal of Physiologic Science. 25 (2010);
59-62, Published by Physiological Society of Nigeria. Available online at
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njps/article/view/84582/74574 (Indexed in Scopus)
(23) Thomas, F. C., Adeleye, O. E., Ajayi, O. L., Olaniyi, M. O., Adenubi, O. T., Adeleye,
A. I. & Agbaje, M. (2009): Acquired incisor malocclusion in an adult rabbit buck: A
case report. Science World Journal. 4 (3); 29-30, Published by Faculty of Sciences,
Kaduna State University, Kaduna. Available online at
http://www.scienceworldjournal.org/issue/view/405
(24) Ajadi, R. A., Olusa, A. O., Smith, O. F., Ajibola, E. S., Adeleye, O. E., Adenubi, O. T.
& Makinde, A. F. (2009): Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine-xylazine
anaesthesia in young pigs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 36 (6); 562-566,
Published by Wiley Blackwell Publishers (UK). Available online at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vaa.2009.36.issue-6/issuetoc (Indexed in
Scimago)
(25) Ajadi, R. A., Smith, O. F., Makinde, A. F. & Adeleye, O. E. (2008): Increasing
ketamine dose enhances the anaesthetic properties of ketamine-xylazine-midazolam
combination in growing pigs. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 79
(4); 205-207, Published by South African Veterinary Association. Available online at
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fd70/68cd57cec870af7694dfdab6e7dbcf3efe0f.pdf
(Indexed in Scimago)
(26) Osinubi, M. O. V., Ajogi, I., Hassan, A. Z. & Adeleye, O. E. (2003): Antibiogram of
oral microbial flora of dogs in Zaria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal. 24 (3); 107-110,
Published by Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association. Available online at
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/nvj
iii) Journal Articles Accepted for Publication:
(27) Adeleye, O. E., Ajala, T., Adekoya, O. A. and Adeleye, A. I., (2023): Effective Dose
Regimen of STZ for STZ-induced Diabetes in a Rat Model. Iranian Journal of
Veterinary Medicine. Published by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Tehran, Iran, (Letter of Acceptance dated June 29, 2023). (Indexed in Scopus)
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